Contract and Chou Essay Example for Free

Agreement and Chou Essay The case situation under survey by our group incorporates an agreement law circumstance including a table game organization and a game creator. Big Time Toymaker (BTT) is a tabletop game organization which creates, makes, and appropriates prepackaged games, and Chou is the name of the creator of another technique game. In this situation, what started with an installment produced using BTT to Chou for select arranging rights for 90 days, finished in an adjustment in the executives at BTT, prompting their organization done having enthusiasm for dispersing Chou’s game. A few inquiries will be posed about the legitimacy of the terms settled upon by the gatherings in question, including when did the gatherings have an agreement, and what job does the rule of fakes play in this agreement? Our goal is to examine the case situation, including the recently expressed inquiries, and give the responses to those and different inquiries relating to the situation and agreement law. Question 1 when, if at any point, did the gatherings have an agreement? There was shared understanding among Chou and BTT by means of verbal understanding, and a resulting email confirming that an understanding had been probably reached. As indicated by the terms of dissemination among Chou and BTT an agreement was just legitimate whenever formalized recorded as a hard copy. A contention might be made that three days preceding the multi day time limit a shared understanding was reached and legitimate by means of an E-contract law. There was common consent between both Chou and BTT. The contention for the opposite side will state there was never a formalized composed agreement from either Chou or BTT, just an email with a subject heading expressing Strat Deal. Is the email a substantial agreement? Question 2 What realities may say something favor of or against Chou as far as parties’ target expectation to contract? Realities show that BTT sent an email with a subject heading of Strat Deal with data expressing that Chou and BTT have agreed. The composing states that following quite a while of no reaction from BTT and with no administration set up the organization no longer wishes to disseminate Chou’s protected innovation. Chou was in consistence with BTT consistently in regards to issues relating to Strat. Chou will claim that there was an agreement among himself and BTT that was of shared consent and under E-contract law the messages were substantial. Question 3 Does the way that the gatherings were imparting by email have any effect on your examination in questions 1-2 above? As indicated by CA Civil Code 1624, b 3, an, online agreements are endorsable regardless of whether composing is required by the rule of cheats. Correspondence of agreements is substantial under E-contract law. There is no effect on investigation made of above expressed inquiries in view of online correspondence. Question 4 What job does the resolution of cheats play in this agreement? A key factor in any agreement is acknowledgment, and for this situation a verbal understanding had been arrived at three days before the selective exchange right was terminated. Chou at that point said he was going to draw up the agreement. Big Time Toymaker (BTT) at that point sent Chou an email plotting everything that they had settled upon that would be remembered for the agreement. Seeing the email, Chou at that point accepted this was the agreement to be implemented and didn't react to BTT. Despite the fact that Chou got the email, he didn't react to it, in this way giving Chou the protection that quiet is never acknowledgment. In any case, in E-contact law directed by CA Civil Code 1624, b, 3, an, it says that online agreements are endorsable regardless of whether composing is required by the resolution of fakes. Likewise, the â€Å"Click On† or â€Å"Click Wrap† understanding provision expresses that these understandings are enforceable since the chance to peruse and recognize was given. The rules of cheats do have an influence in this agreement because of the Uniform Commercial Code necessitating that the resolution of fakes applies to any agreement for the offer of merchandise for $500 or more. Nonetheless, the specific measure of â€Å"Strat† units that Big Time Toymaker (BTT) will sell or at what cost of every unit is muddled to the peruser, it was portrayed in detail in the email BTT sent to Chou. Question 5 Could BTT stay away from this agreement under the precept of mix-up? Clarify. The new administration at BTT can't maintain a strategic distance from this agreement under the regulation of slip-up in light of the fact that an error was not made by both Chou and the old supervisory group. The error by Chou was tolerating the email blueprint of the agreement terms as a genuine agreement consented to by the two gatherings. Scienter applies to Chou for this situation by tolerating an apparently genuine agreement. Would either party have whatever other barriers that would permit the agreement to be evaded? The difference in the executives achieved people bound to a similar organization as the old supervisory crew seemed to be, in this manner, scienter applies to the new supervisory group in privity. The draft sent from Chou and got by BTT is a debatable instrument. BTT along these lines turns into a holder at the appropriate time. The inaction of BTT after the draft was sent is infringing upon the UCC prerequisite that all offers are to be open for a sensible time of 90 days. Chou was under the feeling that an agreement had been made before that 90 days had lapsed. Chou has genuine guard just as close to home barrier because of penetrate of agreement and misrepresentation. Question 6 Assuming, arguendo, that this email does establish an understanding, what thought bolsters this understanding? By law, resolution of cheats would bolster this understanding. Because of the terms, there can't be a claim that can be maintained on specific agreements or courses of action, aside from on the off chance that it is composed and marked by the approved party or agent. Under the resolution, specific sorts of agreements must be recorded as a hard copy so as to be enforceable in a courtroom (Contracts: Statute of Frauds, 2013). The composing likewise must be marked by the individual who is considered liable for the agreement or by that people operator. To dodge the avocation of the Statute of Frauds, one would need to ensure the agreements are in text and marked by the other party; along these lines, if the contradicting party doesn't hold their finish of the understanding, one would pick up from that specific gathering. Question Expecting BTT and Chou have an agreement, and BTT has penetrated the agreement by not disseminating the game, talk about what cures may or probably won't have any significant bearing. It is evident BTT’s supervisor didn't contemplate shielding BTT from obligation. He imprudently composed the messages, and his indiscreet activities put BTT in danger. This persuaded this email was intended to supplant the previous idea that he should draft an agreement. In spite of the fact that the word contract was not ever utilized in the email, it said that the entirety of the terms had been settled upon. The remuneration would be granted to Chou by the court in a common activity because of the unjust direct, being the penetrate from the other party, BTT. On the off chance that the agreement is penetrated by BTT, Chou will be conceded fair help by the court, which comes as explicit execution, injunctive alleviation, or reconstruction. Fiscal harms could likewise be as a result, wherein they can be compensatory, coming about because of a misfortune because of nonperformance. Additionally, significant, which are aberrant yet not out of the ordinary from non-finishing. Compensation would likewise happen that would be identical to add up to the gathering has been unjustifiably enhanced by the non-breaking party, and exchanged, which harms are a preset worth rendering from the understanding. The compensatory harms for recuperation Chou endured by the non-breaking gathering would be the harms that would be granted to the gathering in a similar circumstance he would host been in if the other get-together had executed as settled upon (Melvin, 2011). After audit of the case situation including Big Time Toymaker and Chou the game creator, we have presumed that not exclusively was there an agreement understanding between the gatherings, however that as indicated by E-contract law, Chou might be limited by the terms remembered for the first email sent from BTT. Moreover, the regulation of slip-up can't be utilized in this circumstance on account of scienter toward Chou and the old and new administration of BTT. A few inquiries were posed of our group as per contract law and the situation gave by the reading material. This finishes our investigation of the situation and answers to the inquiries we were introduced.

Twelfth Night Literature Analysis Essay Example For Students

Twelfth Night Literature Analysis Essay William Shakespeares Twelfth Night is set in a region called Illyria on the bank of Italy. The play is about a sibling and sister, Sebastian and Viola, who are isolated after a wreck, and both think different has suffocated. The play tells the story of how they were inevitably rejoined. There are a wide scope of characters in the play; going from Malvolio, Olivias steward, who is extremely conceited with no comical inclination to Sir Toby who is consistently out living it up and extremely just carries on with an existence of joy. A mindful character is Viola; she isn't ne to agitate others. Olivia gets a great deal of compassion since she is grieving for her sibling. Orsino has an agreeable yet pointless presence. He is rich however sits sulking about affection throughout the day. These characters are extraordinary and each have their flaws, for example, Sir Toby might be scrutinized for taking a ton of Sir Andrews cash though Violas deficiency is that she is excessively pleasant, never needing to cause anybody any damage. This is a shortcoming since it might hold her back from doing a something that she should. I feel that Shakespeare has given the characters shortcomings to ake them all the more fascinating and sensible. Malvolio attempts to intrigue Olivia however it doesn't work. Despite the fact that she regards him she doesn't support him, as he thinks, for having a great job. He is acceptable at his particular employment however ought to have a good time as opposed to suspecting himself constantly. This is one thing that makes him an unlikeable character additionally he believes himself to be better than different characters however nobody truly enjoys him and he doesn't have the foggiest idea what they truly consider him. Despite the fact that he for the most part thinks about himself a portion of his affection goes to Olivia. I believe that he needs to be sentimental yet makes some hard memories communicating his emotions or doesn't need individuals to comprehend what hes truly like. His character doesn't generally create all through the play, and I hated him as much toward the end as I did toward the beginning of the play. Sir Toby is an affable character since he couldn't care less what anybody considers him, on the off chance that they don't care for him, they will simply need to endure it. Individuals figure he should be a good courteous fellow and behave yet he discovers acting like every other person stodgy and claustrophobic. Sir Toby is positively not a model respectable man but rather when he drinks his conduct is far more detestable. He doesn't have a ton of cash. He may have had all the more however carrying on with an existence of delight has changed that. He is censured for carrying on with an existence of delight however at any rate, 1 not at all like some different characters, he is real, he doesn't attempt to be anything he isn't, and this is one reason why Maria cherishes him. In spite of the fact that Sir Toby is an amiable Character his functional jokes do will in general get tedious as the play wears on. Olivia, Sir Tobys niece, isn't ike him by any stretch of the imagination. She is a wealthy royal lady who is decent and acts the manner in which she should. Olivia gets a great deal of compassion since she has lost her dad and her sibling, yet Sir Toby doesn't feel that her lamenting is real. Olivia is a significant amiable character however I imagine that she is taking it a piece excessively far, saying she will never cherish another man again. All things considered, she appreciates the entirety of the consideration and compassion that she is getting. Viola, the sister of Sebastian, has a great deal going for her; she is savvy, prudent, legit nd knowledgeable and ready to manage individuals superior to different characters. She is a mindful character who likes to complete things, she isnt one to simply kick back and never really let others get things done for her. Being caring is one of Violas principle highlights. She doesn't prefer to irritated or hurt individuals and she would not deride individuals or ridicule them behind their backs. She did her orders and despite the fact that she was placed in an ungainly position she didn't deny inspired by a paranoid fear of upsetting somebody. Some of Violas lines are he generally graceful of the whole play and in this manner, maybe, are the ones which will be recollected the most. .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .postImageUrl , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:visited , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:active { border:0!important; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:active , .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u097e272418133efbb 3649434773e832e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u097e272418133efbb3649434773e832e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Tell Tale Heart Analysis EssayDuke Orsino doesn't appear to have a lot of character or character. He appears not to do without a doubt, he has a practically futile presence; he just sits about sulking about adoration. He is rich and has an agreeable presence with heaps of hirelings. He appears to be youthful and juvenile, and doesn't have a similar intelligence or information as Viola and Sir Toby do. He isn't an overwhelming figure, however it is conceivable that there is a whole other world to him than meets the eye. Orsino has ried with Maria however has not succeeded on the grounds that she is enamored with Sir Toby. It is too difficult to even consider forming an assessment of him since he isnt a truly recognizable character. I believe that Viola develops with credit toward the finish of the play since her lone flaw is that she is excessively decent so she was unable to be scrutinized for anything. Two characters who I thoroughly consider happen to the play seriously are Sir Toby and Malvolio. Both of these characters can be irritating now and again, and in spite of the fact that Toby may have begun well he ends up very exhausting, while Malvolio, then again, was never an agreeable character.

Intergroup communication final paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intergroup correspondence last - Term Paper Example Additionally, more ladies are working outside the home, or while in the home, including low-pay moms (Gassman-Pines, 2011). Around 29% of working moms were utilized in employments with non-standard timetables (versus standard calendars of fixed daytime hours from Monday to Friday) in 2004 (Gassman-Pines, 2011). In creating nations, working moms show an expanding pattern, with some working basically because of financial needs, while others, particularly the informed ones, decide to work to achieve individual satisfaction from their work-life personalities and to seek after further instruction and upward vocation/business objectives (Jabbar, 2014; Parã © and Dillaway, 2005). Besides, having the alternative to work, rather than remaining at home, is a sign of the advanced age, especially, in accordance with women's activist and sexual orientation equity developments (Parã © and Dillaway, 2005). Working ladies create political force when they increment their commitment to dynamic at home, and when they ascend in their associations as top chiefs (Ruderman, Ohlott, Panzer, and King, 2002). Furthermore, they additionally improve social and social force, as they increase social endorsement for being autonomous people who ought to have the option to work without being decided as ignoring their customary sexual orientation jobs and duties (Jabbar, 2014). By and by, working moms keep on confronting work-life gives that effect professional success (King, Botsford, and Huffman, 2009). At the end of the day, not getting enough social help and absence of equalization in family and work life can crash ladies from accomplishing highest administration positions and ach ieving a fair family labor of love balance (King et al., 2009). A few examinations researched the impacts of work outside the home on working moms and their kids and discovered blended outcomes. From one perspective, Jabbar’s (2014) interviews with Jordanian moms and educators and servants from different nations uncovered that working moms and instructors didn't concur that having

Drexel Medical School Secondary Application Essay Tips Deadline

Drexel University’s main campus is located in Philadelphia, PA and, overall, the school has about 1,000 medical students. The school emphasizes the intersection between research and clinical care and has research centers for nanomedicine and neuroengineering. Drexel’s clinical education provides a â€Å"patient-focused practice emphasizing quality, innovation and community service.† Drexel’s mission statement emphasizes diversity alongside a spirit of collaboration within research and clinical sciences. They are known for their dedicated faculty and commitment to students who are experiencing hardship. Drexel University College of Medicine 2018-19 Secondary Application Essay Questions: Drexel Medical School Essay #1 If you are a recent graduate, please tell us what you have been doing since graduation. No word limit. This essay should explain what you have been doing since graduation as well as your planned activities for the gap year before matriculation into medical school. You should include work, education, personal experience (e.g. caring for family), and volunteer work. If you have work experience, you can also give some insight into major accomplishments. Drexel Medical School Essay #2 We at Drexel University College of Medicine have a rich history and a valued mission. Each individual contributes to, supports and enriches our community. Please share with us how you plan on contributing to our College. (200 words) This is an important secondary that is about fit. In other words, why would you be a good student for Drexel’s class? You should do two things. First, review the website and familiarize yourself with special programs and other aspects of Drexel that interest you. Then, review your experiences and illustrate why you are a good fit using specific anecdotes from your past work history and activities. Because this is a short essay, you won’t be able to list everything. Rather than attempt to list all of the activities from the website, write about a few specifics with more clarity. If you did any campus visits or met with students or staff, this is the place to mention that. Drexel Medical School Essay #3 (Optional) What else do you feel is important for us to know about you? Please use this space to highlight something not addressed in your application. (200 words) This is a difficult prompt for everyone, but I encourage applicants not to see this as optional. It is your opportunity to tell the admissions committee anything about you that you wish. I recommend using this space to highlight anything from your past that doesn’t fit neatly into other categories. This can include family history, personal loss or achievement, or a particularly meaningful experience. Do not repeat an activity that you discussed fully in another section or in your primary. Whatever you decide to write about here, be sure to link it to your desire to study medicine at Drexel. I recommend writing about one or two (at the most) things more thoroughly than attempting to provide a bucket list. If you would like professional guidance with your Drexel Medical School application materials,  check out Accepted’s Medical School Admissions Consulting and Editing Services, which include advising, editing, and interview coaching for Drexel’s application materials. Drexel Medical School 2018-19 Application Timeline: AMCAS Application Due June 1 December 1 Secondary Application Due January 1 ***Disclaimer: Information is subject to change. Please check with individual programs to verify the essay questions, instructions and deadlines.*** Jessica Pishko graduated with a J.D. from Harvard Law School and received an M.F.A. from Columbia University. She spent two years guiding students through the medical school application process at Columbia’s Postbac Program and is a former Accepted admissions consultant. Want an admissions expert help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Med School Secondary Essays, a free guide †¢Ã‚  How to Write Succinct Secondary Essays †¢ What NOT to Write in Your Medical School Secondary Application Essays Drexel Medical School Secondary Application Essay Tips Deadline Drexel University’s main campus is located in Philadelphia, PA and, overall, the school has about 1,000 medical students. The school emphasizes the intersection between research and clinical care and has research centers for nanomedicine and neuroengineering. Drexel’s clinical education provides a â€Å"patient-focused practice emphasizing quality, innovation and community service.† Drexel’s mission statement emphasizes diversity alongside a spirit of collaboration within research and clinical sciences. They are known for their dedicated faculty and commitment to students who are experiencing hardship. Drexel University College of Medicine 2018-19 Secondary Application Essay Questions: Drexel Medical School Essay #1 If you are a recent graduate, please tell us what you have been doing since graduation. No word limit. This essay should explain what you have been doing since graduation as well as your planned activities for the gap year before matriculation into medical school. You should include work, education, personal experience (e.g. caring for family), and volunteer work. If you have work experience, you can also give some insight into major accomplishments. Drexel Medical School Essay #2 We at Drexel University College of Medicine have a rich history and a valued mission. Each individual contributes to, supports and enriches our community. Please share with us how you plan on contributing to our College. (200 words) This is an important secondary that is about fit. In other words, why would you be a good student for Drexel’s class? You should do two things. First, review the website and familiarize yourself with special programs and other aspects of Drexel that interest you. Then, review your experiences and illustrate why you are a good fit using specific anecdotes from your past work history and activities. Because this is a short essay, you won’t be able to list everything. Rather than attempt to list all of the activities from the website, write about a few specifics with more clarity. If you did any campus visits or met with students or staff, this is the place to mention that. Drexel Medical School Essay #3 (Optional) What else do you feel is important for us to know about you? Please use this space to highlight something not addressed in your application. (200 words) This is a difficult prompt for everyone, but I encourage applicants not to see this as optional. It is your opportunity to tell the admissions committee anything about you that you wish. I recommend using this space to highlight anything from your past that doesn’t fit neatly into other categories. This can include family history, personal loss or achievement, or a particularly meaningful experience. Do not repeat an activity that you discussed fully in another section or in your primary. Whatever you decide to write about here, be sure to link it to your desire to study medicine at Drexel. I recommend writing about one or two (at the most) things more thoroughly than attempting to provide a bucket list. If you would like professional guidance with your Drexel Medical School application materials,  check out Accepted’s Medical School Admissions Consulting and Editing Services, which include advising, editing, and interview coaching for Drexel’s application materials. Drexel Medical School 2018-19 Application Timeline: AMCAS Application Due June 1 December 1 Secondary Application Due January 1 ***Disclaimer: Information is subject to change. Please check with individual programs to verify the essay questions, instructions and deadlines.*** Jessica Pishko graduated with a J.D. from Harvard Law School and received an M.F.A. from Columbia University. She spent two years guiding students through the medical school application process at Columbia’s Postbac Program and is a former Accepted admissions consultant. Want an admissions expert help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ 5 Fatal Flaws to Avoid in Your Med School Secondary Essays, a free guide †¢Ã‚  How to Write Succinct Secondary Essays †¢ What NOT to Write in Your Medical School Secondary Application Essays

How Do Steam Engines Work

Heat water to its boiling point and it changes from being a liquid to become the gas or water vapor we know as steam. When water becomes steam its volume increases about 1,600 times, that expansion is full of energy. An engine is a machine that converts energy into mechanical force or motion that can turn pistons and wheels. The purpose of an engine is to provide power, a steam engine provides mechanical power by using the energy of steam. Steam engines were the first successful engines invented and were the driving force behind the industrial revolution. They have been used to power the first trains, ships, factories, and even cars. And while steam engines were definitely important in the past, they also now have a new future in supplying us with power with geothermal energy sources. How Steam Engines Work To understand a basic steam engine, lets take the example of the steam engine found in an old steam locomotive like the one depicted. The basic parts of the steam engine in a locomotive would be a boiler, slide valve, cylinder, steam reservoir, piston, and a drive wheel. In the boiler, there would be a firebox where coal would be shoveled into. The coal would be kept burning at a very high temperature and used to heat the boiler to boil water producing high-pressure steam. The high-pressure steam expands and exits the boiler via steam pipes into the steam reservoir.  The steam is then controlled by a slide valve to move into a cylinder to push the piston. The pressure of the steam energy pushing the piston turns the drive wheel in a circle, creating motion for the locomotive. History of Steam Engines Humans have been aware of the power of steam for centuries. Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria (circa 100 AD), experimented with steam and invented the aeolipile, the first but very crude steam engine. The aeolipile was a metal sphere mounted on top of a boiling water kettle. The steam traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere released the steam, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. However, Hero never realized the potential of the aeolipile, and centuries were to pass before a practical steam engine would be invented. In 1698, English engineer, Thomas Savery patented the first crude steam engine. Savery used his invention to pump water out of a coal mine. In 1712, English engineer and blacksmith, Thomas Newcomen invented the atmospheric steam engine. The purpose of Newcomens steam engine was also to remove water from mines. In 1765, a Scottish engineer, James Watt began studying Thomas Newcomens  steam engine and invented an improved version. It was Watts engine that was the first to have a rotary motion. James Watts design was the one that succeeded and the use of steam engines became widespread. Steam engines had a profound effect on the history of transportation. By the late 1700s, inventors realized that steam engines could power boats  and the first commercially successful steamship was invented by George Stephenson. After 1900, gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines began replacing the steam piston engines. However, steam engines have reappeared in the last twenty years. Steam Engines Today It may be surprising to know that 95 percent of nuclear power plants use steam engines to generate power. Yes, the radioactive fuel rods in a nuclear power plant are used just like coal in a steam locomotive to boil water and create steam energy. However, the disposal of spent radioactive fuel rods, the vulnerability of the nuclear power plants to earthquakes and other issues leaves the public and the environment at great risk. Geothermal power is power generated using steam produced by heat emanating from the molten core of the earth. Geothermal power plants are relatively green technology. Kaldara Green Energy, a Norwegian/Icelandic manufacturer of geothermal electrical power production equipment, has been the major innovator in the field. Solar thermal power plants can also use steam turbines to generate their power.

Analyzing How Businesses Cook The Books With Reference For...

Introduction There is no such thing as a perfect business. Although many enterprises express the illusion that they internal workings are flawless, the majority of them are being torn apart from within. This can be through many different ways, but all end in a hefty court case, possible bankruptcy or similar punishments which are associated with financial crimes. One such crime is the manipulation and misrepresentation of financial statements of a business, to hide expenses, improve earnings per share (EPS) or to attract new investors. This is known as financial statement fraud or colloquially labelled â€Å"cooking the books†. (Grossman St Amour, 2014) These crimes can have a significant impact on the business, as their stock could be driven†¦show more content†¦However, any type of fraud is a crime and therefore must be dealt with accordingly. The most common varieties of financial statement fraud are: Improper Revenue Recognition Recording revenues before a sale is made, or before payment has been received seems like a feeble way to alter the books, but the method is highly effective and can accumulate to large sums of money over the long term. Listing items which are not sales, as sales, or resending tax invoices to debtors (to renew the terms and improve the accounts receivable account) in order to boast revenues which are yet to exist is the most common method of financial statement fraud. In fact, a study showed that 38% of the 403 cases involved this type of fraud. (Bradford C, 2014) Manipulating Expenses or Liabilities Businesses can also remove some accounts and reinsert them somewhere else in order to increase EPS or reduce tax liability. This can be done by listing expense accounts as capital acquisitions, thus, essentially listing ordinary debited expenses as credited owner’s equity and in turn falsely boosting profits. Other methods of manipulating accounts involve excluding accounts payables from the books altogether to reduce liability. The same fraud is also performed with loans and other short term liabilities by listing them as non-current, improving the equity of the business and increasing the share price. (ACFE, 2014) This was the method of fraud implemented in the WorldCom scandal, which is still

Consumer Behaviour Assessment-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behaviour. Answer: Introduction Consumer behaviour is a discipline of management through which marketers try to assess the consumer buying decisions(Ammi, 2013). Consumer behaviour assessment assists in judging customer needs so that organisations can fulfil them accurately. Background of the task Overall purchase behaviour of a consumer differs depending upon the involvement level of the products that consumer purchases(Blythe, 2013). An assessment of the consumer buyer behaviour helps organisations in devising marketing strategies to target consumers based on their decision making process(Armstrong, 2012) Therefore, analysis of buyer behaviour is very important to business organisations. Study of consumer behaviour classifies products as high and low involvement products (Close, 2012). Low involvement products are generally less expensive and frequently purchased products. The time spent on decision making of purchase of such products is low(East Wright, 2013). However, high involvement products are expensive and seldom bought products. The time and attention spent on such products is high(Hoyer, 2012). Therefore, consumer purchase decision and behaviour varies depending on involvement level of the product. Purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to assess the overall decision making process of high and low involvement products purchased by a customer during a particular week. This report also intends to assess the process involved in purchase decision of a high involvement product. Furthermore, the report will try to compare and contrast the difference in purchase decision of high and low involvement products. Format of the report The Report follows business format. A single customer is described through this report The report then discusses the low and high involvement purchase decisions of this single customer. In continuation, the purchase decision of high and low involvement products is compared. Further, insights gathered from the discussion are listed. Finally conclusions are drawn based on the findings. Description of the consumer Understanding of consumer behaviour is based on understanding of consumers traits and background(Kardes, 2014). Consumers are affected by their pear group, personal habits and other personal traits(Lantos, 2012). Therefore, it is important to understand the customer to understand further purchase decisions(Lantos, 2012) Following is the description of the consumer whose purchase decision analysis has been conducted in this report. The consumers age, habits and traits have an important role to play in consumer decision making process. Description of the customer Age 29 Gender Female Marital Status Single Family Living with Parent Education Level MBA Generational Cohort Adults born between 1961 and 1981) GEN Y Value segment Real Conservatism Conventional Family Life Psychographics Concerned with health and appearance Wants and enjoys a healthy lifestyle but is limited by time Finds fulfilment in family and career Prefers the radio over the TV Loves spending any time available with her daughter Does not enjoy shopping activities without a purpose Prefers to save than spend Personality Traits Loves people and society, altruistic, supports and cares Tidy and willing to help No problem to adapt to the majority, avoids controversy Respects authority Seeks contact with other people Likes control over environment Strongly oriented to reality and presence Looks for meaningful activities Table-1 Source: Made by Author (2016( Adapted from (Armstrong, 2012) The above description shows that consumer is a female belonging to the young generation. Hence, her purchase decisions may be youth centric. She may buy products that appeal to youth like fast food, fitness services and smartphones. Consumer is traditional by nature and believes in family values. Therefore, family oriented and traditional products may also appeal to her. Consumer behaviour insight Consumer insight mapping is required by business organisations to understand the exact nature of consumer demand and the purchasing pattern of the consumer(O'Shaughnessy, 2012). Consumer insight helps in creating a proper marketing message. Through consumer insight, the marketers can communicate in a way that can be understood by the people(Samli, 2012). Consumer insight involves understanding the customer needs and aspirations so that those products can be made available to them which they desire. The consumer matrix shows that the chosen consumer purchases grocery, food and health and fitness related items on a weekly basis. The customer is a young, single, female, student who purchases food and grocery items on a daily or weekly basis. Pear group is a major influencing factor for the customer. Additionally, items are also purchased based on past experience. The consumer believes in family values and has great concerns for health. The consumer goals include spending more time with family, live a healthy lifestyle and purchase value for money products so that money can be saved. Spending more than needed is a major fear of the customer while shopping. Therefore, priority areas of the customer are value for money shopping and healthy lifestyle. Analysis of decision making process of weekly purchases Weekly purchases are generally repeat purchases which satisfy basic and daily needs(Schmitt, 2010). These are also known as low involvement purchases. The customers weekly shopping items consists of food, grocery and health and fitness related products. Bread is a weekly purchased item as per the consumer matrix. Customer also purchases fruit , vegetable and chicken once a week. Customer spends on yoga and health supplements once a week. Most of these products like fruits, bread, burger, car petrol etc. are repeat purchases and low involvement products. Low involvement products are the products which are purchased without much time given to decision making process(Schiffman, 2013). During the purchase of low involvement products, customer purchases as per convenience and habit. Mostly these purchases occur due to influence from peers, parents or personal choices and same choices are repeated multiple time. Customer has purchased most of these items based on own experience and some li ke coffee on a colleagues suggestion. A few items on the consumers weekly shopping list can also be termed as moderate involvement. Moderate involvement products are those which are not extremely frequent but they are also not so expensive that consumer will spend a very long time deciding about them(Wells, 2012). Mostly moderate involvement products are purchased after a brief search and simple decision making(Baines, 2013). Peer group is the major influencing factor in moderate involvement products(Kotler, et al., 2015). Products like Yoga closes and Airline tickets were purchased by consumer after brief search and discussion with friends and family. However, too much time was not spent on information search and the products were purchased through a simple decision making process. Following chart throws light on low and medium involvement products. Low and Moderate Involvement Products Figure1: Source: Made by Author (2017) Based on (Kotler, et al., 2015) On analysis of the customers purchase matrix for the week, it can be observed that the weekly purchases involves basic needs fulfilling products like bread, noodles and coffee. These products are not very expensive; therefore, consumer does not pay too much attention to the nature of the product. The products are bought through convenient mediums like nearby caf and fast food restaurants. Additionally, there is not much analysis of the product after consumption. Therefore, the customer may continuously keep buying from the same place due to habit and convenience. For an organisation to bring about a change in this type of buying pattern, there is a need for extensive and dedicated marketing communication, so that the organisation can break through the habitual buying pattern of the consumer(Baker, 2012) .These are low involvement products; therefore, the customer does not spend time on deciding and does not actively look for product features. Therefore, marketing communication needs to be frequent and interesting to catch the consumers attention(Blakeman, 2014). Following chart shows the decision making process followed during purchase decision of low and moderate involvement products Purchase Decision process Low involvement Products Figure 2: Source: Made by Author(2017) Based on (Szmigin, 2014) The above process is followed by customer during every purchase(Armstrong, 2012). However, for small purchases and basic needs the problem identification is a continuous and frequent process(Sethna Blythe, 2016). According to the customer purchase matrix, a need was identified by the customer for certain basis need products like bread, burger, fruits and vegetables. Additionally, need was also identified for certain moderate involvement products like airline tickets. The customer did not do much information search for low involvement products and purchased them from the nearest market. There was not much evaluation of alternatives and customer purchased the bread and other basic needs items based on convenience and time saving. Customer was also aware of the quality of these items from previous purchases. As the customer was habitual of purchasing these products, not much post-purchase evaluation was done. Therefore, daily low involvement products were bought by the customer based on habit, convenience, less time criteria and low attention span(Blythe, 2013). Major influencers in purchase decision of customer in case of low involvement products were peer group and parents along with own past purchase experience. The consumer purchase matrix also has certain moderate involvement products like Yoga classes and airline tickets. These items were bought after limited information search and discussion with peer group. However, the consumer was not overly involved in the purchase and made a decision after a short search. Post purchase evaluation was not too extensive and very strong opinion was not formed about the product. Therefore, less attention span and less information search are the features of low and moderate involvement products Analysis of purchase of high involvement product In contrast to low involvement products, high involvement products are more expensive; therefore, more time is spent on searching about such products(Armstrong, 2012). Additionally, the need for such products is an advanced need. Such needs arise from need for comfort or luxury(Ammi, 2013). High involvement product which the customer recently purchased is IPhone 7 Plus. This is a high end smartphone for heavy users(Ammi, 2013). Customer was looking for a brand switch as she was not satisfies with the earlier smart phone, Samsung Note. Customer had issues with android operating system as well. Therefore, past purchase was not satisfactory. Hence, customer felt a need for replacement of the phone. As the customer was not satisfied with android operating system, the next available option of IOS was opted for by her. The customer asked friends and also searched on the internet regarding good IOS phones. IPhone 7 plus appealed to the customer due to its good reviews, colour and shape. Additionally, a friend also influenced the customers choice. After information search and getting convinced about this new phone the customer made the purchase decision. It can be deduced from the above that IPhone 7 Plus was purchased after an extensive information search. As this was an expensive high involvement product, there was an extensive evaluation of the product and the customer found the product satisfactory. Therefore, in case of high involvement products, more attention is given to the product and customer is highly involved in the purchase decision. Comparison between the purchase decision of high and low involvement products Consumer purchase decision is dependent on many varying factors(Armstrong, 2012). Some consumers are able to make quicker decisions based on their knowledge and experience(Armstrong, 2012). However, decision making can be divided into two broad categories; High involvement decision making and low involvement decision making. Following chart makes a comparison between low and high involvement decision making. High involvement Vs Low Involvement purchase decesion Figure 3: Source: Made by Author (2017) Adapted from (Armstrong, 2012) Consumer purchased daily need products like food, health and fitness services throughout the week. These were low to moderate involvement products as they were relatively cheaper, were a part of habitual baying and did not feature on high attention span list of the customer. Consumer made the decision of purchasing these products based on past purchase experience, experience of a friend and parents. Convenience and easy availably were also factors which influenced this decision making. Low involvement purchases are purchased frequently. For example, the purchase of bread and burger which the customer purchased in this week may get repeated next week as well. following is the process followed during low involvement product purchase Low Involvement Products Purchase Decision Process Figure 4: Source: Made by Author (2017) Adapted from (Ammi, 2013) Therefore, in case of low involvement products, decision making is simple and based on fast satisfaction of needs and convenience. In the case of the customer being analysed, the purchase was based on low involvement, quick decision making based on past purchase and advice from peer group. For example, the customer bought bread from the shop that had supplied the bread in the past to the customer. Customer did not do much information search. Additionally, not much past purchase evaluation was done. Adjustment was made based on experience and repeat purchase was made based on habit or adjustments made as per past purchase. Even if the customer gets dissatisfied ,she would just shift to another product without giving too much attention to the dissatisfaction. On the other hand, in case of high involvement products, decision making process is longer. Customer is greatly impacted by the decision because the products are expensive. In the case of this customer, there was dissonance with proviso product hence, there was even more caution in purchase decision. The customer did extensive information search and then chose the product which suited the requirements in the best possible manner. The basic difference between the process of high and low involvement products is that the information search is more intensive in these products. The reason is that these products are very expensive and are purchased once in a while. Following is the process followed by the customer to make the purchase decision. High Involvement Products- Purchase Decision Process Figure 5: Source: Made by Author, Adapted from (Ammi, 2013) As propounded by this process, the customer identified a need for a new high end smart phone. Additionally, as the customer was not satisfied with past purchase experience, she was even more cautious in making the new decision. Unlike the low involvement products, customer indulged in extensive information search. Information was gathered from internet, friends and product reviews in magazines and newspapers. Ultimately, based on the dissonance of the past purchase, the customer decided not to buy android devices and buy Iphone7 plus instead, which is an IOS operated device. A lot of time was given to the decision making process and many different aspects regarding the product was debated upon by the customer. Unlike low involvement purchase, the decision was not quick or based on convenience and availably. Lot of evaluation was done post purchase and strong opinions about the product were formed by the customer based on purchase experience. Therefore, a lot of difference exists in approach towards purchase of high and low involvement products. Key Insights as observed from the purchase behaviour of the customer Following are the key insights which came out of the analysis of the customer buying decision- Low involvement purchases are the weekly purchases which the customer makes for satisfaction of basic needs, Customer does not spend too much time on these purchases and makes decisions which are based on convenience or easy availability. Influence of friends, parents or past purchases have a great role to play in such purchases. The justification for low involvement in basic needs products is that they are inexpensive and purchased frequently. Hence, any mistake in purchase can be rectified in the next purchase. Strong opinions about the products are not made and the customer cans easily shift to other products in case of dissatisfaction. The reason for this type of behaviour is inexpensive and frequently bought product. Therefore, customer does not spend too much time to look out for information on these products. Such products need frequent and repetitive advertisement to make a place in the customers mind On the other hand, high involvement products are expensive and are brought once in a while. A mistake in the purchase cannot be rectified. Therefore, customers spend a large amount of time to look for such products and follow extensive information search. They learn from experience of friend, family and their own past experience. As a lot of money is involved, customers make the decision after taking into account all features of the product. Additionally, post purchase evaluation is also extensive and the customer makes strong opinion about the product. The reason for this behaviour is expensive and seldom bought products. Conclusion Consumer behaviour is a complicated process which involves understanding of buyer behaviour. Customers show different buyer behaviour for different types of products. Therefore, marketers need to understand involvement level of customers to properly understand their needs and wants. References Ammi, C., (2013) Global Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Armstrong, G., (2012) Marketing: An Introduction. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Baines, P., (2013) Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press . Baker, M., (2012) The Marketing Book. New Jersy: Routledge. Blakeman, R., (2014) Integrated Marketing Communication: Creative Strategy from Idea to Implementation. Plymoth: Rowman Littlefield. Blythe, J., (2013) Consumer Behaviour. London: SAGE. Boone, L., (2011) Contemporary Marketing. New York: Cengage Learning. Close, A., (2012) Online Consumer Behavior: Theory and Research in Social Media, Advertising, and E-tail. New York: Routledge. East, R. Wright, M., (2013) Consumer Behaviour: Applications in Marketing. London: SAGE. Hoyer, W. D., (2012) Consumer Behavior. New York: Cengage Learning. Kardes, F., (2014) Consumer Behavior. New York: Cengage Learning. Kotler, P. et al., (2015) Marketing. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU,. Lantos, G. P., (2012) Consumer Behavior in Action. New York: M.E. Sharpe,. O'Shaughnessy, J., (2012) Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Samli, A. C., (2012) International Consumer Behavior in the 21st Century: Impact on Marketing Strategy Development. humburg: Springer Science Business Media. Schiffman, L., (2013) Consumer Behaviour. Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. Schmitt, B. H., (2010) Customer Experience Management: A Revolutionary Approach to Connecting with Your Customers. Melbourne: John Wiley Sons. Sethna, Z. Blythe, J., (2016) Consumer Behaviour. London: Sage. Szmigin, I., (2014) Consumer Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wells, V., (2012) Handbook of Developments in Consumer Behaviour. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Shylock is an ambivalent portrait Essay Example

Shylock is an ambivalent portrait Essay Throughout The Merchant of Venice, Shylock is a character with a strong impact on the audience. The response of the audience changes throughout the play, varying from pity to dislike. His Jewish background and persecution provide a case for the audience liking the character and giving him pity, whereas his obsessions with money and his desire to kill Antonio gives the audience a bad impression. The influence he has on the audience has varied over the years, from the Elizabethan times when he first appeared, who saw persecution of Jews everyday, to the modern audience who will dislike characters who are prejudiced. Shylock first appears in Act 1 Scene 1. For the audience, first impressions are vital. His first line when Bassanio offers him the bond is Three Thousand ducats well (Act 1 Scene 3 Line 1). To any audience this gives the impression that he is very concerned about money, especially when he repeats three thousand ducats throughout the scene. Throughout the scene, there is a repetition of the word three, e. g. three thousand ducats, three months, three thousand ducats for three months etc. This repletion not only emphasises Shylocks obsession with money (as he is still pondering over the bond) but also shows how numerically Shylock thinks. The obsession with money is a key part of his character and the first thing that the audience noticed. Shakespeare himself was interested in money and usances himself, he invested much of his money into his theatre, and his knowledge of that subject is reflected in Shylocks character We also learn from this scene the intelligence of Shylock. As soon as Bassanio propositions him, he considers the offer in his mind, and realises how he can get revenge on Antonio, e. . Antonio shall become bound well (line 5). Later on in the scene, Shylock shows his intelligence once again, when he tries to be friendly to Antonio to try and make him sign the bond, e. g. I would be friends with you, and have your love (Line 133). Shylock is a shrewd businessman. He is careful not to lend money out to people who he doesnt know, or people that he knows w ill not pay him back, e. g. My meaning in saying that he is a good man, is to have you understand that he is sufficient (Lines 13-14). We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shylock is an ambivalent portrait specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He disguises his sinister bond as a joke in hoping to persuade Antonio to seal the bond, when he does he knows that he can kill Antonio if he does not repay him. Shylock stalls with Bassanio not giving him a definite answer until Antonio arrives, this is because he wants to see Antonio and talk to him about his sinister bond. His stalling also gives him time to think his plan through. Shylock, being an orthodox Jew has considerable knowledge of the Bible. In this scene he uses his knowledge to benefit himself. He tells Antonio the story of Uncle Labans sheep and Jacob to justify why he should collect Interest. His interpretation of the story is completely different from the Antonios. Antonio believes that he twists the story to benefit himself. Antonio detests Shylock, he considers him a dog, and he does not agree with Shylock charging interest, i. e. An evil soul producing holy witness is like a villain with a smiling cheek, a goodly apple rotten at the heart. Also In the Rialto you have rated me about my moneys and my usances. Still I have borne it with a patient shrug (Shylock). Much of an Elizabethan audience would have agreed with Antonio on this, as the majority of them would have been Christians. I hate him for he is a Christian illustrates the point that Shylock does not like any Christians. He hates Antonio especially, owing to the persecution he has received from him, e. g. You call me misbeliever, cut throat dog, and spit upon my Jewish gaberdine. Fair sir, you spit on me Wednesday last, you spurned me such a day, another time you called me a dog, and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? Shylock has obviously been persecuted due to his Jewish heritage, and this would make the modern audience feel sorry for him. Due to the amount of persecution he has received, Shylock often attracts our sympathies so much that the reader often thinks of how he suffers outside of the play. This shows how deep his suffering must be. Most of the Elizabethan audience would be accustomed to seeing this sort of persecution, but still may not feel that it is right. As a result of his persecution, Shylock hates all Christians, although he obviously has knowledge of the Christian bible, as the Old Testament is part of the Jewish scriptures, e. g. to smell pork, to eat of the habitation which your prophet the Nazarite conjured the devil into. Shylock also considers Antonio a fawning publican; he compares him to a Jewish tax collector. Antonio also lends out money, but does not charge interest, which annoys Shylock, e. g. If you repay me not on such a day, in such a place, such sum or sums as are expressed in the condition, let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in which part of the body pleaseth me. This shows that Shylock seeks revenge, and in some ways gives the audience the impression that he is evil. In fact he is partially breaking the Ten Commandments, (Thou Shalt not Kill, which he would do if Antonio forfeits his bond. ) Antonio is one of the main persecutors of Shylock, but it may not be because of his Jewish heritage that Antonio persecutes him. In the opening scene, Antonio tells us that he is sad and does not know why. When his friend Bassanio asks him to get the bond from Shylock, he has no hesitance about risking his life for it. This, and his general actions to Bassanio might suggest that he is actually in love with Bassanio, but he cannot do anything about it, especially with Portia around. This would explain the intensity of their relationship, and why Antonio is depressed. As a result, Antonio takes it out on Shylock, someone he knows he can get away with persecuting. The Elizabethan audience would consider Shylock a typical Jew. Jews were expelled from the country in 1290, and when many returned in the fifteen hundreds, they only had a limited number of jobs that they could do. Many decided to lend money for interest, as they were allowed to, and Christians were not. As this was all they could do, many had to be very money-tight; to make sure they never lost any money. Jews were always persecuted; many of the Christians hated them for it was them who killed Jesus Christ. Therefore, so far Shylock would appear to be a typical Jewish moneylender, whom many of them would not particularly like due to his money lending and their hate of Christians. As The Merchant of Venice was written in 1596-1597, much of the first audiences would have been aware of the recent execution of another Jew, Rodrigo Lopez in 1594. For many years he was well respected as the Queens physician until the Earl of Essex ruined him. He was hanged for treason. Lopez may have had a strong influence on Shakespeares writing about Jews, e. g. how a prominent man can be ruined because of his Jewish heritage. In Act 2 Scene 1, Jessica, Shylocks daughter says our house is hell, showing the audience that she perhaps considers him a bad father and a bad man. His servant, Launcelot Gobbo also considers him a devil. The people that Shylock sees most often have said negative things about him, so the audience will judge that he is not that a nice person. In Act 2 Scene 5, Shylock is on his way to a supper with the Christians. He is only going to annoy them; this shows the audience that he is not considerate. Shylock says I did dream of money bags tonight which shows how much he cares about his money. He also ensures that his house and daughter are safe from those Christian Fools, before he leaves e. g. Lock up my doors, and when you hear the drum and the vile squealing of the wry-necked fife, clamber not you up to the casements then, not thrust your head into the street to gaze on Christian fools. He is very concerned about his money, but even more he is worried about his daughter seeing Christians, as he considers the Jews a tribe, and they need to marry within the tribe to keep it going, so he feels that she should marry a Jew, not a Christian. At the end of Act 2 Scene 6, Jessica not only leaves her father, but also takes many of his ducats with her and Lorenzo. Any audience would now give pity to Shylock as he has lost a daughter and a considerable sum of money. Jessicas last line before leaving is Farewell, and if my fortune be not crossed, I have a father, you a daughter lost. The audience would not only give pity, but also perhaps see Shylock as a poor father, more concerned about the welfare of the Jewish culture than the happiness of his daughter. In Scene 8, Salerio and Solanio discuss Shylock. We yet again see the Christian persecution of Shylock, i. e. Villain Jew, which would influence the audience. Solanio also overheard Shylock earlier on, after he discovered the desertification of his daughter, e. g. My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! Fled with a Christian! O my Christian Ducats! From this it appears that Shylock is just as upset about his daughters betrayal as he is of the loss of his money, which again emphasises his obsession with money, and makes the audience think that he is not that caring of his daughter. He is so angry with her, he says she is dammed for it, but he still persists that she is completely different from the Christians there is more difference between thy flesh and hers than Jet and ivory. He still considers her a Jew who should not see Christians. The audience might see that he has a right to seek revenge after what Jessica did to her. In Act 3 Scene 1, we see Shylock giving reasons for why he should collect the forfeit if it is required, e. g. If it feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me and hindered me half a million. To the audience it would appear that Shylock is just bloodthirsty and cruel. An audience from an Elizabethan era would no doubt think that Jews were cruel anyway, as this was the prejudice that was around at the time. There were untrue stories of Jews being cruel, and of course stories from the bible such as King Herod (a Jew) killing all the babies in Bethlehem under two years. Certainly Jews have been played as cruel villains in other plays, such as Barabas, in The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe, who was based upon Joseph, Duke of Naxos (who was not a Jew). So many of the audience would already assume that Shylock was cruel and bloodthirsty. The Jews are described as the cursed race in this story. Shakespeare was without a doubt influenced by Marlowes play; Barabas, the Jew has a daughter who turns Christian during the play, so it is obvious that Shylock and Jessica were adapted from this play. Shylocks speech about the forfeit in this scene begins with To bait Fish with, after Salerios question if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh, whats that good for? Shylocks response to this question shows again that he is quick-witted and can retort to any comments he does not approve of. In Shylocks speech we hear again of his persecution, for example He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies, and whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? An audience would feel sorry Shylock at this point and perhaps agree that it is fair for him to collect his forfeit. Shylock points out that If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian example? Why revenge. Shylock points out that if he were a Christian and Antonio were a Jew, no one would have a problem with him collecting his forfeit. He illustrates the division between the rights of the Christians and the rights of the Jews. After this influential speech, much of the audience might agree with Shylock about his view of equality among Christians and Jews. The majority of an Elizabethan audience would still probably consider him evil due to the prejudice of the time. Shylocks image of being bloodthirsty reappears later on in the scene when his friend Tubal informs him of Antonios loss, and Shylocks response is I thank God, I thank God. Is it true, is it true? I thank thee good Tubal, good news, good news! Ha, ha! These lines would suggest that Shylock is cruel as he is so desperate for a chance to take the forfeit of off Antonio. This scene is the first scene in which we see another Jew, and at the end of the scene there is a reference to the local Synagogue. This tells everyone that the Jewish community has been well established, so this might a reason for the audience to feel less sorry for Shylock. Also the Jews must also have quite a bit of money if they have built their own Synagogue. In Act Three, Scene Three, Antonio has been arrested for not repaying the bond and is making one last plea to Shylock. Shylock is obsessed with revenge on his Christian persecutor, and will not forgive him or even listen to what Antonio has to say. All he wants is his bond, e. g. (Antonio) I pray thee hear me speak. (Shylock) Ill have my bond. I will not hear thee speak. Ill have my bond, and therefore speak no more. This scene once again emphasises to the audience the amount of murderous hatred that Shylock has, and also how difficult it is to change the law. Act Four Scene 1 sees the Duke of Venices first appearance. A good friend of Antonios, he describes Shylock as an inhuman wretch. Once again, the audience will be influenced by the feelings of another character. The rest of the characters see Shylock as an evil devil as he enters the courtroom. Much of the audience would not approve of him wanting to kill Antonio. Shylock retaliates to the remarks that he should not collect his bond, with his quick wittedness in the forms of another speech, in which he compares Antonio to a pig. In Antonios speech, he is still being racist against Shylock, saying a Jewish Heart; he does not once call him a man, always a Jew. Bassanio offers him six thousand ducats for the bond, but Shylock refuses. From what we already know about how greedy Shylock is about money, this seems very strange, showing how desperate he is to kill Antonio. Shylock gets more and more aggravated waiting for his bond to become legal, again showing how deep his wounds are from Antonio. Shylock calls Portia Daniel, referring to the Old Testament, where Daniel was a wise Judge. This again illustrates this knowledge of the bible, and how he considers this justice. Shylock shows no mercy and no forgiveness, which are two basic elements of Christianity; many of Antonios Christian friends expected Shylock to forgive Antonio. Shylock makes several powerful speeches throughout the play, the only character other than Portia to do so. He wins battles of words against Antonio many times, e. g. Signior Antonio, many a time and oft in the Rialto you have rated me about my money and my usances. Still I have borne it with a patient shrug (Act One Scene Three). Also in Act Three Scene 1, To bait fish withal. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. He hath disgraced me . These speeches show that Shylock is quick witted, able to retaliate with words and quite intelligent. The Merchant of Venice could be more described as a romantic comedy than a tragedy. Therefore you would perhaps not expect not to see an evil villain in it. The audience may not be expecting an evil character, so may not consider him a villain, but more of a victim. In many plays, especially ones which have Jews featured, there was an evil character (e. g. The Jew of Malta), so, the audience would be accustomed to this, so may picture Shylock as that evil character. Throughout the play, Shylock is compared to both Antonio and Portia. Whereas Antonio is seen simply as a typical example of mankind (who goes through different stages of emotions), and Portia as Wisdom, Shylock is seen for a lot of the time as the Devil. Throughout the play, there are numerous references to Shylock and the Devil, e. . The devil can cite scripture for his own purposes (Act One, Scene Three), The Jew is the very devil incarnation (Act Two Scene Two), lest the devil cross my prayer, for here he comes in the likeness of a Jew. (Act Three Scene One) Shylocks response to Portia turning the case against him in Act Four Scene One is My deeds upon my head. This recalls the time when the Jews called for the execution of Christ, so this line again shows that he is a Christian hater. All of these references indicate to the audience that Shylock is similar to the devil, so many of them will accept his persecution and consider him a villain. This would have been the case especially in the Elizabethan era when all Jews were considered cruel. Throughout the years, Shylock has changed, in the way the actor portrays him and in the way the audience sees him. Up until the eighteenth century, he would have been seen as a slightly comical character, whose purpose is to be mocked. He then changed into the villain of the play, in one portrayal he was so sinister, grotesque and so ferocious a villain that after King George II watched it, he is reported to have had a sleepless night. He then was more portrayed as an injured man, followed by an outrageous father. Today a modern audience sees him as a persecuted man, who seeks revenge on those who wrong him. We also see him as a typical Jew, wanting to preserve his culture. Some people even consider him an Old Testament Prophet. In conclusion, Shylock appears to the audience as a tragic villain, a man who is obsessed with money, revenge on people who wrong him. There is a lot of emphasis on comparing him to the devil, which much of the audience would agree with. His persecution by the Christians gives him some pity but his humbling end leaves the impression of a broken man.

Free Essays on Drugs

The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Free Essays on Drugs War on Drugs.† 1.) I have criticized President Nixon’s, â€Å"War on Drugs† both morally and on expediential grounds. Do we have the right to stop an individual from becoming an addict? Force, direct or indirect, should not be allowed to prevent a person’s choice to take drugs or alcohol. The ethical flaw in the war on drugs is similar to alcohol prohibition. 2.) In the drug game, neither the willing buyer or the willing seller has any desire to report a crime. This fact makes informers necessary. Informers and the huge amounts of cash involved leads to corruption, violation of civil rights, forcible entry, and forfeiture of property without due process. 3.) Today, eight times as many people are incarcerated than were in 1970. The number one source for the outrageous prison growth is the war on drugs. 4.) Sher Hosonko calls attention to the fact that we jail 3,109 black men for every 100,000. 5.) The inner cities have an advantage for selling drugs. Therefore, more dealers live in the inner cities. Bullets often fly when arguments between rival drug dealers occur. Ultimately, bullets fly because the drug trade is illegal. 6.) When drugs are illegal it causes prices to soar and quality to decline. Users must maintain a relationship with a criminal to supply their drug habit. An addict who wants treatment has to admit to being a criminal before receiving treatment. 7.) According to the Federal Health and Human Services Department, two-thirds of all terminally ill cancer patients did not receive adequate pain medication. This serious medical injustice is directly linked to pressures placed on physicians who prescribe drugs. 8.) Our war on drugs has undermined the stability of foreign governments. It has also led to thousands of deaths as well as economic loss in these same countries. 9.) Can a policy be moral if it leads to corruption, jail, racism, destroys inner cities, wreaks havoc on misguided individuals and... Free Essays on Drugs Most Americans do not want to spend scarce public funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuana offenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politicians must reconsider our country's priorities and attach more importance to combating violent crime than targeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least $7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste of scarce federal dollars that should be used to target violent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for the medical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands of seriously ill Americans who presently use marijuana as a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms of cancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis risk arrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed laws recognizing marijuana's therapeutic value. Most recently, voters in two states Arizona and California passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana under a physician's supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability to implement their medical use laws because of the federal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919 and 1931, but discovered that the crime and violence associated with prohibition was more damaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. With tobacco, America has learned over the last decade that education is the most effective way to discourage use. Yet, America fails to apply these lessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking as criminal, including that which involves adults smoking in the privacy of their own homes, we are wasting police and prosecutorial resources, clogging courts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space, and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers of genuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an important advantage over dec... Free Essays on Drugs BUSH'S DRUG VIDEOS BROKE LAW, ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE DECIDES WASHINGTON - The Government Accountability Office, an investigative arm of Congress, said on Thursday that the Bush administration violated federal law by producing and distributing television news segments about the effects of drug use among young people. The accountability office said the videos "constitute covert propaganda" because the government was not identified as the source of the materials, which were distributed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. They were broadcast by nearly 300 television stations and reached 22 million households, the office said. The accountability office does not have law enforcement powers, but its decisions on federal spending are usually considered authoritative. In May the office found that the Bush administration had violated the same law by producing television news segments that portrayed the new Medicare law as a boon to the elderly. The accountability office was not critical of the content of the video segments from the White House drug office, but found that the format - a made-for-television "story package" - violated the prohibition on using taxpayer money for propaganda. Representative Henry A. Waxman of California, the senior Democrat on the Government Reform Committee, who requested the review, said the use of the mock news segments broke "a fundamental principle of open government." A spokesman for the drug policy office said the review's conclusions made a "mountain out of a molehill." The spokesman, Tom Riley, noted that Congress had authorized the drug policy office to fashion antidrug messages in motion pictures and television programming and on the Internet. His office stopped distributing the antidrug videos after the G.A.O. report on the Medicare segments, Mr. Riley said, and never acted unlawfully. The drug policy office told investigators that it would have been difficult for "a rea... Free Essays on Drugs DRUGS AND THE EFFECT THEY HAVE ON OUR CHILDREN’S LIVES Criminal Justice Good health allows us to be strong, happy, smart and skillful as we can possibly be. The worst thing about illegal drugs is that they damage people from the inside. Our minds and bodies run like fine tuned machines when we take care of ourselves. Doctors prescribe medicines (which are legal drugs) to heal our bodies when we are sick, but dangerous drugs are not recommended by medical professionals. The largest problem with use of illegal drugs, as well as cigarettes and alcohol, is among our young adults. Products like wine, beer, liquor are very harmful for our children because their bodies and especially their nervous system are still developing. It is stated that cigarettes and alcohol kill more people than cancer and car accidents caused by drunk drivers than all other drugs. Illegal drugs can cause brain damage. These drugs are â€Å"psychoactive,† which means that they change our personality and the way we feel. While under the influence of these drugs we are more likely to endanger our life as well as somebody else’s. These illegal drugs are very addictive and they are very difficult to stop. An addict’s body craves the drug and becomes dependent upon it. The drug-user may even become sick if the drug is discontinued and this is why so many people, children and adults, become a slave to these drugs. More than 100,000 people die every year because of drinking. Children are twice as likely as adults to become involved in fatal drunk-driving car crashes. Half of all assaults against girls or women involve alcohol. Drinking is illegal if you are under the age of 21 and could be arrested for this crime. Nicotine is also very addictive. Once we start smoking it is very difficult to stop and smoking cigarettes causes lung cancer and other diseases. Statistics indicate that tobacco and nicotine related diseases kill more than 400,000 people every year... Free Essays on Drugs America’s inception as a country was founded in smuggling and illegal trade; with that in mind it is of no surprise that drug use and or abuse is a large part of our culture and a fixture in our collective minds. Children today in America go through mandatory drug education (DARE), federal employees are subjected to mandatory drug testing, and all professional athletes are subjected to those as well. Still, even with so many preventative measures being taken to curb Americans from drug use our prison system is choked with drug offenders, and by â€Å"drugs† I am referring to the standard grouping of â€Å"illegal substances† in this country: what are classified as illegal, naturally derived drugs: hallucinogens, narcotics, opiates, and marijuana. The fact of the matter is that the use of these afore-mentioned drugs has reached an all time high in this country. When an observer to this situation sees only what is occurring presently as the problem, then they are w holly misguided. Drug u! se has always been, and most likely always will be a popular pastime in the United States, and in fact drug use per capita is only higher, at least my opinion, because of stringent government inter-action and â€Å"education†, which I believe only introduces more Americans to drugs than would otherwise be aware of such substances. So where did drugs begin in American life? Getting high at least it seems can be traced all the way back to the first settlement of American land in Virginia†¦ When Jamestown was settled in 1607 the English colonists were looking for any sort of possible income. As it happened their location for settlement was located in one of the best possible places in the world for the production of naval products. Hemp was one of the first products grown in Jamestown, its primary use of course was for making stiff naval rope for the ships that would be constructed there, however it is noted that along with the growing of marijuana, the ... Free Essays on Drugs The state of Illinois, specifically the Chicago area, is the focal point for the flow of illicit drugs into the Great Lakes Region. Chicago is the major hub for the delivery and transshipment of drugs throughout the Great Lakes Region and the Midwest. Three major types of trafficking groups are responsible for most of the drugs in Illinois. Mexican polydrug organizations, Colombian drug organizations trafficking in cocaine and heroin, and Nigerian groups trafficking in Southeast Asian heroin are the major transporters and wholesale distributors of drugs in Chicago. The most common means traffickers use to transport drugs into Chicago are commercial trucks, passenger vehicles, package delivery services, air packages or couriers, and railways. Organized street gangs such as the Gangster Disciples, Vice Lords, and Latin Kings control the distribution and retail of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. Violent crime associated with street gangs, while declining in some urban areas, is increasi ng in suburban and rural areas of the state as these gangs expand their drug markets. Drug use affects the human organism in several ways. A division can be made between psychoactive effects such as changes in perception, cognition, affect, and levels of anxiety or inhibition. Physical effects like increased or diminished heart function, lung function and muscle tension. It is primarily the former effects, which make drugs desirable, and are a major reason for their use. Some of the physical effects enhanced or enduring bodily performance from stimulants, muscle relaxation or sleep from tranquilizers. These psychoactive and physical effects are influenced by the dose, administration mode, psychological or physical condition of the consumer, and the social environment in which drugs are taken. Many of the physical effects are termed because t... Free Essays on Drugs Drugs I accept as true the statement, â€Å"Drugs don’t kill people, people who use drugs kill themselves.† In reference to the implied objective reality of drugs, drugs are â€Å"motionless, timeless, undefined, non-perceived, and inanimate until we provide a motive for their use.† It is not until we create motives and provide drugs with meaning that we cause damage to the individual. I hold true that, â€Å"Bad things can happen with drugs, but good things also happen to people who use drugs.† Take for instance, the student who begins to abuse amphetamines to study for midterms. By using a drug, such as cocaine, the student is able to stay awake longer, therefore spending more time studying. Their grades greatly improve. This is a clear example of the â€Å"bad things happen clause.† I intend to draw upon Szasz and the Katiovich and Wieting article to support my views on the above two statements. In regard to the comparison of drugs and guns i ndexed as evil, I will discuss the possibilities of their potential usefulness as well. Drugs tend to become known as the true evil or â€Å"killerâ€Å". In all actuality the drug itself, left alone, does not kill the person. There must be a causal force behind the drug for damage to occur to the person. Addiction and dependency come into play. Once a person tries a drug, they may want to experience the euphoric pleasures associated with the drugs’ affects again and again. Therefore, the individual must repeat the action of ingestion. The individual has control whether to misuse the drug or not. Szasz argues that despite all the rhetoric to the contrary, no one is, or can be killed by an illegal drug. â€Å"If a person dies as a result of using a drug, it is because he chose to do something risky.† Do drugs cause crime, or is it our governments’ way of controlling our communities? Many people blame drugs for every problem in our society, but are drugs the real evil? No one p... Free Essays on Drugs The extermination of illegal drugs has always been one of the most important, worldwide issues. Ending the existence of drug abuse in our society is one of the toughest and most complicated goals we face. Despite constant battles against them, illegal substances continue to exist and thrive in our culture. With all the effort put into the war against drugs, why is there little success? Lack of effort is not the reason our attempts are failing. It is the lack of understanding that leads to the misdirection and failure of our attempts. Obviously a strong desire to use drugs exists, and it is the prevention of this desire that we need to focus on in order to wipe out drug abuse. In fact, our focus is strongly on punishing drug users, yet applying laws against committed drug crimes has not proven to be an effective solution. Drugs are still produced and distributed everywhere, and are taken by many. The reasons people use drugs still exist. Arresting people for drugs does not kill their desire to use them. Reprimanding committed crimes does not eliminate the reason they were committed. Addressing drug offenses after they have been made is not an effective deterrent because the desire for the drug's effect still remains. Why is this desire more influential than the law? Partly because the potential benefits of drugs overwhelm us, and turn our focus away from the potential dangers and consequences. People will go to extreme lengths to be the best, or better than what they presently are. Culture's attitudes toward beauty, money, power as a representation for success drives us to turn to drugs. Drugs symbolize power, status, freedom, and the ultimate â€Å"high† in our world. Drugs can help people achieve higher status, more power, as well as the overwhelming physical and emotional â€Å"escape.† Ultimately, the desire for the drug high is worth the risk which we conceive to be very small of being caught. In reality, the risk of getting c... Free Essays on Drugs It is known that people who are found to be using drugs, most likley of lower class, are put away for longer sentences than people who have committed a worse crime. When Oscar Danilo Blandon was arrested and admitted to crimes that sent others away he was let go easy. The Justice department turned him loose unsupervised most likley due to the fact that he was part of the Nicaraguan priveledged class. They even went as far as to pay him as much as $166,000 since his release. Situtations such as these prove that social status and money can go a long way. The people with high social class are the ones that hold the most power especially when it comes to government issues. Juan Norwin Meneses was listed in the DEA’s computers as a major international drug smuggler however, he was able to live openly and never spent a day in prison. How is this possible when others of lower class try to lead their lives and yet the second anyone of government official finds out that they are involved they get sent away immediately? Its almost as if saying â€Å"If you dont have money or have a high social status you will get put away because no one cares about you, as oppose to others who are well known and are lucrative in what they do. Is it truly fair for a sex offender to get put back on the street rather than someone who just takes drugs to get on with their day? Id rather have the drug dealer walking around. The government or rather the President should start worrying about these issues as well as others here in the United States. If not, then what will happen to our country as time goes on if we dont start to pick up the peices of where we are falling apart the most....

A Study Of Using Cultura Project In Selected Universities In Saudi Essay

A Study Of Using Cultura Project In Selected Universities In Saudi Arabia And Australia - Essay Example With the progress of the Cultura methodology in the joint American and French educational institutions, there is an incredibly large potential for the Cultura project to be applied in other educational institutions wishing to be integrated as well. This system of integration can be used by other educational institutions separated by culture as an active classroom system where students are left with the task of learning something while teachers are on stand-by for monitoring purposes. It is with this progress that this paper is founded on. This paper revolves around the analysis of utilizing the Cultura method in joining two different cultures like Arabic and English to be applied with the same treatment. This undertaking will not only verify the effectiveness of Cultura methodology and generality of the findings of Furstenberg, Levet, English & Maillet (2001) but also contribute to the legacy of educational institutions towards cultural literacy. II. Statement of the Problem The study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of the Cultura Project in selected universities within Saudi Arabia and Australia. In addition, the study also aims to determine what would be the effect on cultural literacy and integration between Saudi and Australian schools when they are connected via the Cultura Project. The study would also focus on several facets of the socio-economic grid that are primary or secondary factors to the Cultura Project.

Development Of The New England Colonies - Colonial America Research Paper

Development Of The New England Colonies - Colonial America - Research Paper Example This third revolution was built on the fertile ground laid during the colonial period. Colonial economic development of the New England colonies, beginning in 1620, profoundly transformed the existing indigenous economy of gathering, hunting, fishing, and long fallow/polyculture farming (Merchant 1989). Europeans had already established a presence in the region for over a century as fur traders, essentially building upon the existing native economy. The trade did transform the economy by introducing new goods, new diseases, new religion, and intensifying the hunt for beaver and other small mammals. The New England colonists, however, introduced revolutionary change in the ecological and economic environment by introducing notions of private property, displacing the Native Americans, establishing farms and populous villages with a full rounded life, fully intending to make the land their new homes (unlike the transient fur trading posts largely made up of men), and engaging in several wars. However, the New England colonists were distinct not only from the Native Americans, but from the fur traders and their own countrymen to the South in the Chesapeake Bay colonies which, like the fur traders, were also largely skewed toward male settlement rather than families (cf. Merchant, 1989; Heyrman, 1991). The New England territories were rich in forests and fur trapping, with many harbors, but not in good farmland. Farms, accordingly, were small, mainly to provide food for individual families, with the inventories of most farmers showing five or six sheep and hogs, one or two horses, a few cattle, and several bushels of grain. The farmers were able to overcome the odds and create â€Å"comfortable abundance† for themselves (Merchant, 1989, p. 99). In whatever trade that existed, however, no particular cash crop, livestock, or commodity dominated. This caused the New England colonies to be perceived as less valuable to England, compared to Virginia or the West In dies (Newell, 1998). Much has been written about the settlers’ Puritan faith, their Calvinist work ethic, their moral discipline, their patriarchal nuclear family structure, and so forth, so that it has become part of the American foundation myth. By this foundation, it has been argued, New England avoided the kind of social disruption that unfettered commercial expansion and avarice had brought to plantation colonies in the Chesapeake and Caribbean (cf. Innes, 1995; Main, 2001). The New England economy during this period was relatively egalitarian, with each family being allotted an average of 150 acres. Spectacular wealth could not be created in these communities, which also meant that the economy did not produce the extreme inequalities found elsewhere (Heyrman, 1991). The Puritan settlers, however, lived on average nearly twice as long as Virginians and about ten years longer than men and women in England. New England also had relatively low rates of infant mortality. Whi le the people of Europe and the Chesapeake colonies barely reproduced themselves, the number of New Englanders doubled about every 27 years; a typical family raised seven or eight children to maturity (Bremer, 1995). While some products of the inland towns such as potash made market journeys profitable and others such as cattle could be driven to market, most products were too heavy and bulky

Apartheid in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Apartheid in South Africa Essay The Apartheid legislation was a system of governance that made a huge impact in South Africa in the 20th century. It was introduced by the national party after they were elected in the 1948 election. It was a form of segregation that discriminated against the races in South Africa. It was the law in South Africa for 46 years. The Apartheid sparked lots of internal resistance with violent riots and protests taking place by groups of people. Nelson Mandela was a leading force in the opposition on Apartheid and did everything in his powers to destroy it. His voice was heard all over the country when he was the leader of Anti Apartheid movements and when he was in jail. Apartheid Legislation had a detrimental impact on society in South Africa. It was pioneered in 1948 by the newly appointed national party of South Africa when they came to power. The struggle for the end of Apartheid was long lived as it lasted until 1994 when the National party lost the election. Apartheid was the segregation of the South African people into different race groups such coloured, white, Asian and Indian. Residential areas were segregated as well as Education, medi-care, beaches, and other public areas. Although the residential areas and other public facilities were separated, the quality of living for the blacks was substantially less than that of which the whites enjoyed. Sports in South Africa were also majorly affected as South Africa was banned from some international sports such as cricket. Women weren’t left out of the equation as they struggled to gain proper rights and freedoms as most of the men experienced. Black people or natives, over time, were deprived of their citizenships and forced to live in tribes with their own people away from the city. Numerous laws were made that affected the black people immensely and stripped them of their rights and freedoms. Apartheid struck society hugely at the time of its induction and changed the way life was lived. Many factors contributed to the severity of Apartheid, no more so than the new laws that were created shortly after its introduction. These laws were made to discriminate directly against the blacks of South Africa and create white supremacy. As a result of these laws many black people in the community struggled for basic rights and freedoms. The first powerful law to be created was the  Preservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953. This law separated all parts of society from blacks and whites. The separation wasn’t equal and as a result of this the black people got the inferior side of every facility. This was the separation of every aspect of society from beaches and parks to toilets and shops. The main aim was to exclude citizens from Premises, vehicles or services based on their race. The best facilities were reserved for the white people. Education was not spared as another law was made (Bantu Education Act 1951) that restricted black children from receiving the same education as the white children. The government at the time thought that the career opportunities for black kids were limited and they were best to learn skills that would help their families in their tribes. As of that day, the black children received a substantially lower level of education than the white children of South Africa. The government spent six times as much money on white education which only made up about 20% of the country at that time. Nelson Mandela valued Education so highly in his views and once said that â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. [1] Both of these laws helped to create a large gap in society between the black and white people, one being very much better off than the other. Apartheid in South Africa aimed to strip the black people of all their rights and freedoms. This was achieved by two controversial laws. The Abolition of passes act 1953 and the Bantu Homeland act 1952. The abolition of passes act forced black people to carry identifica tion with them at all times. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. It was a criminal offence to not be carrying a pass when encountered by a police officer. Africans were frequently harassed for their passes and countless numbers were arrested for it. Local citizens burned them or didn’t carry them as a sign of protest. Mass protests by blacks by not carrying their passes lead to the murder of 69 in the ‘Sharpeville Massacre’. The Bantu Homeland act was the second law that took everything away from the blacks. Through this law, the white government declares that the lands reserved for black Africans are independent nations therefore, not being a part of South Africa. In this way, the government was able to strip millions of blacks of their South African citizenship and force them to become residents of their new homelands. Blacks were then considered foreigners in white-controlled South Africa, and needed passports to enter. Blacks only entered to perform jobs that assisted whites. The law was made to ensure that the White people of South Africa would inhabit most of the main areas of the country leaving the Blacks to live on the outskirts in shocking conditions. A quote by an influential student leader Steve Bantu Biko The blacks are tired of standing at the touchlines to witness a game that they should be playing. They want to do things for themselves and all by themselves. [2] suggests that the blacks were sick of having no place in society and want their own rights and freedoms which was the obvious feeling at the time. This law is a huge violation of human rights and really emphasised the affects of the new government regime at the time. The Anti Apartheid movements were influential movements that fought for the destruction of Apartheid legislation in South Africa. They were a worldwide movement that aimed to abolish South Africa’s government system of Racial Apartheid. The anti Apartheid movement came into action both within and outside South Africa. The ANC was the first movement to be created. A second organization Split from the ANC and called themselves the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). They used civil disobedience, strikes and protest marches to oppose the apartheid legislation. After the ‘Sharpeville Massacre’, when police opened fire and killed 69 protestors, the direction of the movement changed. The ANC decided to adopt armed resistance against the state. This sparked many protestors to speak out. Both Organisations were banned after this Massacre and it forced them to move into hiding and continue their operations in private. They created an armed military wing ‘Umkhonto we Sizwe’ lead by Nelson Mandela and planned attacks on the state. After their first attack, their leader Mandela was sent to jail for life along with a few other leaders. At the trail to his sentence Mandela he said We are not anti-white, we are against white supremacy †¦ we have condemned racialism no matter by whom it is professed. [3]This quote shows that Mandela wasn’t racist and just wanted quality and proper human rights. Many bouts of protest broke out in South Africa after the massacre and trial, mostly by school students, and groups were made to speak out against the Apartheid legislation. The movement were starting to gain momentum and there voices were being heard further around the world. The Anti Apartheid movements were the cor nerstone to the destruction of Apartheid legislation. The movements are the reason for the popularity loss of Apartheid and the rise of Nelson Mandela as a civil rights activist. The Arrests and killing of influential members of the movement only sparked up a bigger, more aggressive reaction and more people wanted to get involved in the cause. The black conscientious movement was made by black tertiary students in 1971 and represented black pride. This idea of black pride empowered many South Africans to believe that they are a strong people and can fight for their rights. Students in Soweto in 1979 rose up against Apartheid inspired by many around them. While in protest 29 were killed and many injured by police opening fire. This sparked more and more people to rise up against the state. Labour unions played a massive role in the struggle against apartheid. In 1979 as a result of the protesting, black trade unions were legalized which was a massive win. At the same time church groups also spoke out against the evils of Apartheid. All of these people were inspired by the actions of the Anti Apartheid movements that went before them. Thabo Mbeki a South African Politian summed up the views of many South Africans at the time by saying â€Å"South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black or white. [4] This view was felt across the country by the struggling black people. The ANC and PAC affected most of the population of South Africa in some way and help get rid of the Apartheid legislation. They were the cause for the changes that took place in society over the years. Nelson Mandela played arguably the biggest role in the destruction of the Apartheid legislation in South Africa. Working with the ANC he S poke out against Apartheid and the injustice to his people. Mandela worked hard as the leader of the ANC and planned many protests on the state to help push for the abolishment of Apartheid. He was one of the most influential speakers of his time and many oppressed people heard his voice loud and clear. Under apartheid Mandela served nearly 27 years in prison but he never gave up the fight. When Mandela was imprisoned at Robben Island he continued his work and teachings. In South Africa and around the world, Nelson Mandelas anti-apartheid messages gained in popularity. This meant that his voice was heard by more and more people. Many tried to free him when he was in jail. Support for Mandela was so immense that he was able to be equitted of his charges and released in 1990. Before he was released the PM of South Africa at the time said As soon as he renounces violence and undertakes not to start violence in South Africa, government will release him. [5]The quotes suggest that the government did not want any further violence from his demonstrations in the near future otherwise he would be kept in jail and if he showed no signs of violence he would be let out. This shows trust between the two. He was able to become the leader of the ANC once again and was a leading force in South Africa. He was able to negotiate a multi-racial election in 1994 where his party won. He became prime minister and with this he abolished Apartheid legislation. In his Inaugural speech as prime minister he says â€Å"Today we are entering a new era for our country and our people. Today we celebrate not the victory of a party, but a victory for all the people of South Africa†[6]. This optimism really highlighted his attitude towards life and freedom and is why he was such a loved and influential leader. Without his voice throughout the country and the world, South Africa would have struggled to get out the Government legislation that was Apartheid Apartheid legislation in South Africa was immensely influential on society. It was one of the worst legislations to ever be put down by a government. The black community of South Africa was severely affected by this legislation with most of their rights and freedoms stripped off them. As a result of the laws and other factors, the majority of the native South Africans lived a lift without the freedom and rights that most enjoy today. Nelson Mandela with the help of the Anti Apartheid organisations pushed to stop the legislation in its tracks. He was eventually successful with his peruse of freedom and because of this he is one of the most influential men to have ever lived.